Re: The just and the unjust ways to address modern racial inequality: affirmative act
Actually, in his book Black Rednecks, and White Liberals, Thomas Sowell points out that the status and income potential of blacks in America was much higher in the 1940-50s than after the 60s civil rights movement and implementation of affirmative action policies.
Further, he details how black poverty levels have increased dramatically since the 1960s.
Other researchers have discovered that in many cases affirmative action policies have in a sense caused the very reverse of their intentions, by causing people in those situations to believe they can't succeed without government help, and thus do not try to change the situation themselves. As a result they languish in stagnation, resulting in poverty.
Even worse, affirmative action gives people the sense they are entitled to more than they have, and actually refuse to put any effort towards improving their situation. Why put effort towards something you believe is an inherent right?
In short, there is no evidence that affirmative action has helped at all.