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It pretty much gives descriptions of why certain civilizations have thrived, while others have really struggled to get off the ground. For instance, Europeans endured many plagues and built up very strong immune systems, so when they began expanding into Africa and the Americas, they brought diseases with them that the native people were not immune too, and these diseases ravaged them the same way they ravaged Europe when they were first introduced. Diamond ends up making the claim that guns, germs, and steel are the 3 main things that have given certain civilizations an advantage over others.