Bush,conservatives, and Fascism

BAM!!!

Nice job! And look at the response. It's those damn academics!

What's wrong with you Coyote using academics and intellectuals in your arguments. Go find some homeless street person for your information... LoL! :D

Sniping from the side because you aren't up to joining the actual discussion I see. Typical.
 
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Irreligon. The most hilarious thing I've heard all day.

Is it. Are you prepared to argue the point?

What is this religion that the whole of the left apparently enforces upon the population? Last time I checked, it wasn't mandatory to be left wing and atheist, and right wing and religious.

Are you arguing that the left isn't working towards moving other faiths to the background while moving its own religion of secularism to the fore?

What are these tennents? Who inforces them with this iron fist? Can you show how this church of irreligion can be compared to the Christian church?

Of course. Look at the persecution of irreligion against religion in the soviet for example. Show me a pile of corpses that may be laid at the feet of any sect of Christianity that is nearly as high? Look at any other of the socialist dictatorships and you will also see the corpses of those who don't bow to the religion of the state piled high as well.
 
We have already established that the differences between the economic policies of fascist states and socialist states are at best semantics. There was no substantial difference between them.

:rolleyes:

You crack me up.

We have established that the differences between the economic policies of fascist states and socialist states are actually ideology.

the more you ask the same question and refuse the answer does not make you correct.
 
:rolleyes:

You crack me up.

We have established that the differences between the economic policies of fascist states and socialist states are actually ideology.

the more you ask the same question and refuse the answer does not make you correct.

In a fascist state, my name is on the deed but the state tells me what my political beliefs must be, what I will do with the property, who I will hire, and sends a bureaucrat to assure that I do the state's will and if I fail to do the state's will, some other "owner" will replace me post haste.

In a socialist state, I am placed in an overseer's position in a property that the state owns. The state tells me what my political beliefs must be, what will be done with the property, who will work there and sends a bureaucrat to assure that I do the state's will and if I fail to do the will of the state, a new overseer will take my place post haste.

Describe a substantial difference between the two. Describe how one is left and the other is right.
 
In a fascist state, my name is on the deed but the state tells me what my political beliefs must be, what I will do with the property, who I will hire, and sends a bureaucrat to assure that I do the state's will and if I fail to do the state's will, some other "owner" will replace me post haste.

In a socialist state, I am placed in an overseer's position in a property that the state owns. The state tells me what my political beliefs must be, what will be done with the property, who will work there and sends a bureaucrat to assure that I do the state's will and if I fail to do the will of the state, a new overseer will take my place post haste.

Describe a substantial difference between the two. Describe how one is left and the other is right.

It's funny that you have to depend on these broad generalizations in making the comparison of fascism and socialism. It's the same kind of broad generalizing that the original thread maker had to use to try and compare the current affairs of American politics to Fascism.
 
It's funny that you have to depend on these broad generalizations in making the comparison of fascism and socialism. It's the same kind of broad generalizing that the original thread maker had to use to try and compare the current affairs of American politics to Fascism.


Can't describe any substantial difference huh? I didn't think you would be able to.

What gets me is how you guys (libs) try so hard to distance yourselves from hitler and the fascists but don't try so hard to distance yourselves from the likes of stalin and mao. Hitler was a small time socialist compared to the big timers who killed tens of millions and who were every bit as racist as hitler.

Fascism was socialism and no amount of spin is going to make it otherwise.
 
Can't describe any substantial difference huh? I didn't think you would be able to.

What gets me is how you guys (libs) try so hard to distance yourselves from hitler and the fascists but don't try so hard to distance yourselves from the likes of stalin and mao. Hitler was a small time socialist compared to the big timers who killed tens of millions and who were every bit as racist as hitler.

Fascism was socialism and no amount of spin is going to make it otherwise.

i described the differencies. but it is your MO to turn this into "placating liberals...blah blah blah". My arguments in this thread were confined to two very specific points in the realm of political spectrum. I proved my opinions as VALID.

their's a difference between historical context of political ideology and present day policy. i dont consider myself a lib, especially by your definition.
 
Maybe some historical research on your part is in order. The soviet union was quite anti semetic. Refer to the anti semetic propoganda of the 1930's, and the show trials of the 1930's and 40's. By the 60's the soviet had learned to disguise its blatant anti semetism as anti zionism. As late as the 80's jews who requested to leave and live in israel found a home in the gulag.

No history lesson is needed. I am quite aware of the anti-semetic nature of the Soviet Union (right in line with the rest of Europe and much of America at the time). However there is a vast difference between that and building an entire ideology based upon the racial superiority of one ethnic group. Nice try though.

Hitler killed about 6 million jews and gypsies. Stalin killed about 20 million, mostly of the same two groups. Do you think that it was accidental that his millions just happend to be of the same two groups that hitler targeted?

Mostly? Let's see....

Actually, the number for Stalin is closer to 43 million, and out of that 43 million we have to include....

5 million dead in the Ukrainian famine Stalin purposely imposed on the region in 1932-1934. Not primarily Jews and Gypsies.

The Kulaks - as a class - were liquidated and many of them killed.

Ditto the "intellectuals".

Any "dangerous" ethnic minorities were purged - deported, often dying in the process (this would probably include the Jews but is by no means primarily Jews).

Put into proper context - there is less resemblance between this and Hitler's glorifying a specific ethnic "race" and basing his entire ideology on the "superiority" of that race. The only similarity is a lot of dead people.


Stalin said that their deaths were for the good of the country. Didn't hitler say the same thing?

Every bloody dictator and dictator wannabe says the same thing. If it's not for the good of the country then it's for the good of the children.

Well, no. Such an argument couldn't be made because the philosophy of the right works toward increasingly smaller and smaller government. No big government can ever rightly be called right.

Not in practice.

What you are doing is taking one trait of the rightwing philosophy and isolating it. If I were to do the same it would look like this: the primary emphasis of the left;s philosophy is egalitarian (affirming, promoting, or characterized by belief in equal political, economic, social, and civil rights for all people). Therefore no authoritarian government could ever rightly be called left.

The big issue is: is it the result of leftist policy or a bloodthirsty tyrant? I say the latter. The ideology was simply the means by which he executed his plans and the ideology is defined by the particular dictator's principles.
 
OKI. Lets examine your list.
The left has a church. For want of a better name, call it irreligion. It is the faith practiced by the left and adherents to its tennets are demanded and enforced by the state. In fact, irreligion is enforced today in the US to a far greater degree than any religious practice ever has.

The left has no church. Most of the left belong to the mainstream churches. Athiests are a distinct minority. The general stance of most leftists in regard to religion is live and let live.

If you really think that "irreligion" is enforced to a far greater degree then any religious practice ever has been - then you are are woefully unaware of history. The forced Christianizing of native Americans would be one example.

Other examples can be found in the Constitutions of some of the states:

Delaware; Article 22 (1776) "Every person who shall be chosen a member of either house, or appointed to any office or place of trust...shall...also make and subscribe the following declaration, to whit:

'I,_____, do profess faith in God the Father, and in Jesus Christ His only Son, and in the Holy Ghost, one God, blessed for evermore; and I do acknowledge the holy scriptures of the Old and New Testament to be given by divine inspiration'"

Georgia; Article VI (1777) "The representatives shall be chosen out of the residents in each county...and they shall be of the Protestant religion..."

Maryland; Article XXXII (1776) "...All persons, professing the Christian religion, are equally entitled to protection their religious liberty...the Legislature may, in their discretion, lay a general tax and equal tax, for the support of the Christian religion."

Maryland; Article XXXV (1776) "That no other test or qualification ought to be required...than such oath of support and fidelity to this State...and a declaration of a belief in the Christian religion."

Massachusetts; First Part, Article II (1780) "It is the right as well as the duty of all men in society, publicly, and at stated seasons, to worship the SUPREME BEING, the great Creator and Preserver of the universe..."
bullet Massachusetts; First Part, Article II (1780) "The governor shall be chosen annually; and no person shall be eligible to this office, unless...he shall declare himself to be of the Christian religion."

New Hampshire; Part 1, Article 1, Section 5 (1784) "...the legislature ...authorize ...the several towns ...to make adequate provision at their own expense, for the support and maintenance of public protestant teachers of piety, religion and morality..."

and on and on...and this is in your ideal conservative society.

Then lets not forget all the so-called "blue laws" and prohibition laws that were and are religious in nature; the anti-sodomy laws (many of which are still on the books)...all religious in nature.

The bottom line is that the left enforces their religion upon the masses with an iron fist.

I don't think history supports your claim.


So they are interventionists or isolationists? What else is there? Tell me, exactly who did the soviet union consult before aquiring new territory? Your case for making hitler right and stalin left isn't looking very good so far.

What else is there? Consensus building and cooperation between nations. Didn't see either of that with Hitler or Stalin. Maybe they are both closer to the right?

And are you arguing that the decidedly left stalin, mao, pol pot, etc did not engage in this sort of politics? All socialist states have had an us vs them mentality.

No. Only those ruled by dictators...maybe that's the common denomenator here. Sweden, Norway and Denmark (Republics led by socialist parties) do not have an us vs them mentality. Nether do the following socialist republics: Bangladesh, Zanzibar, Indonesia and United Arab Republic to name a few more.

stalin was a pacifist? mao was a pacifist? pol pot was a pacifist? Your case for separating facism from socialism is looking worse all the time.

You focus on 3 who's primary similarity is that they were authoritarian dictators. Certainly such rightwing figures as Hitler, Idi Amin, Ian Smith (Rhodesia), P.W. Botha (S. Africa), Mobutu, Charles Taylor, Milosevic etc. were not pacifist either.

We have already established that the differences between the economic policies of fascist states and socialist states are at best semantics. There was no substantial difference between them.

Economy alone does not define an ideology.

The soviet union was a multiculturist society? China is multiculturist? Huge military parades, long processions of military hardware and goose stepping soldiers physically expressing the superiority of their way of life.

Many European nations are primarily leftist in government. The appear to be multicultural. Maybe in your mind, the only ones that count are USSR and China and Pol Pot?

And were was the spirit of compromize in the soviet union, or china, or cambodia, or any other socialist tyrany? Name it please.

See above

Your list of differences aren't differences at all coyote, the differences are in reality the similarities. I am surprised that you were unable to look at your list of properties of "right" governments and see that they, in fact, apply to all of the socialist dictatorships.

My list of differences don't count if you are ONLY looking at socialist dictatorships and ignoring the multitude of other socialist countries.

What I see is that the extreme left and the extreme dictatorships have more in common with each other then either does with it's more moderate factions. You say that makes them all "left". I could just as easily argue that it makes them all "right".

Instead - it makes them neither - they are dicatorships employing similar means via different guiding principles to achieve their aims: power.
 
Fascism was socialism and no amount of spin is going to make it otherwise.

The only ideological similarity between fascism and socialism was some of the economic policies. The rest was the result of an authoritarian dictatorship that can be the end result of any number of ideologies. You guys just don't want to admit that the right extremes can be just as rotten as the left extremes.
 
Is it. Are you prepared to argue the point?

Yes, its called the rest of my post. Nice bit of spin there to make me look like I'm just giving a crappy one liner.

Are you arguing that the left isn't working towards moving other faiths to the background while moving its own religion of secularism to the fore?

Yes, I am arguing that. Many, many left wing people are religious and don't want it pushed to the background. Its like saying all right wing are trying the opposite, when its clearly a huge generalization. I know right wing atheists who want a more secular society (my father for one).

However, I'm left wing, and yes, I do want a secular society and for religion to be an entirely private matter.

Of course. Look at the persecution of irreligion against religion in the soviet for example. Show me a pile of corpses that may be laid at the feet of any sect of Christianity that is nearly as high?

One word Palerider, Crusades. Now a lot more examples which are all going to rack up into a big pile of bodies: http://www.white-history.com/hwr43.htm

Look at any other of the socialist dictatorships and you will also see the corpses of those who don't bow to the religion of the state piled high as well.[/QUOTE]

Wait a minute, what have you dragged me into! I was never debating wether or not socialist and communist governments kill lots of people, of course they do. I was never even debating if right wing governments kill loads of people, of course they do.

I was debating wether or not the left really had this church of irreligion. You've tried to change the subject.
 
Put into proper context - there is less resemblance between this and Hitler's glorifying a specific ethnic "race" and basing his entire ideology on the "superiority" of that race. The only similarity is a lot of dead people.

Since the right's ideal government has existed, tell me which race it glorified and proclaimed superior. Correct me if I am wrong, but the philosophy of the right in theory, and practice, is that all of us are created equal.

Every bloody dictator and dictator wannabe says the same thing. If it's not for the good of the country then it's for the good of the children.

For the good of the children. The slogan of the modern left.

Not in practice.

Name a couple of governments that were both large and intrusive and conservative.

What you are doing is taking one trait of the rightwing philosophy and isolating it. If I were to do the same it would look like this: the primary emphasis of the left;s philosophy is egalitarian (affirming, promoting, or characterized by belief in equal political, economic, social, and civil rights for all people). Therefore no authoritarian government could ever rightly be called left.

Not just one trait, the primary trait. If it isn't small and unobtrusive, it isn't conservative, and if it isn't conservative, it isn't right. I am only looking at the primary trait of modern liberalism as well. The ultimate goal is equality and any government with equality as its goal must be authoritarian in nature. The primary goal of conservativism is freedom and any government with freedom as its goal must be small and unobtrusive.

The problem with your analysis is that it ignores the fact of egalitarianism. One only need look at what happens to religious and social conservatives in a modern liberal society to see the reality of egalitarianism. Since inforcing equality in a society requires control of the society, modern liberal government must, by definition, be authoritarian.

You have to look at the stated goal of a philosophy in order to see which way it must go. Liberal philosophy doesn't strive to become authoritarian, that isn't part of the plan, but in order to achieve the goal, it must become authoritarian because very few actually want to live the way that modern liberalism demands. The stated goal of conservativism is freedom from government. Large and obtrusive government isn't required to achieve such a goal.

The big issue is: is it the result of leftist policy or a bloodthirsty tyrant? I say the latter. The ideology was simply the means by which he executed his plans and the ideology is defined by the particular dictator's principles.

Of course you do. Because you don't want to admit to yourself that the goal of equality is not compatible with freedom which is the stated goal of conservativism.

The left has no church. Most of the left belong to the mainstream churches. Athiests are a distinct minority. The general stance of most leftists in regard to religion is live and let live.

We aren't talking individuals here, we are talking political philosophy put into practice. Since religion is trancendent in nature and holds to an ultimate good, it is not compatible with the religion of the left. Secularism is a religion as surely as Christianity is.


Other examples can be found in the Constitutions of some of the states:

Your list of religious requirements doesn't damn conservativism, it highlights why it is better. If you did not agree with the laws in those places, you were free to move either to a different community or state that more closely suits your personal preference. Conservativism emphasizes local control, federalism, and minimal bureaucracy and as a result people are allowed to live as they want to live as opposed to a modern liberal society that that demands egalitarian social justice and therefore must establish a universal homogeneous social order which, in effect, prevents people from living as they want and instead must tell them how to live.

In a modern liberal state, if one does not agree with a set of laws, or social norms, there is nowhere to go and all too often, one isn't even allowed to leave the country because decent can not be tolerated.

I don't think history supports your claim.

Of course it does. It supports my claim in spades. Secularism is the religion of the modern left. Even so tolerant a person as 9 sublime, on another thread, stated explicitly that religion belongs no place but church and home. I asked to what lengths he might go legislatively to see his desire become reality but he didn't answer. Of course, one need only look at modern liberal societies that have evolved further than ours to see to what lengths they will go.

The only ideological similarity between fascism and socialism was some of the economic policies. The rest was the result of an authoritarian dictatorship that can be the end result of any number of ideologies. You guys just don't want to admit that the right extremes can be just as rotten as the left extremes.

You actually believe that don't you? Clearly, you haven't researched fascism beyond what someone with a liberal agenda was willing to tell you. Do you know what germany and italy were like under fascist governments if you weren't a jew? Here are some examples:

In italy, mussolini undertook an enormous expansion of public works and extensive social insurance measures. He set up the Dopolavro (after work) department to give workers cheap entertainment of all sorts. He also set up a very large public health works. These departments combined with large amounts of money spent on public education infrastructure made Italy the most advanced welfare state in the world at that time.

hitler centralized all social programs and education as a means of gaining control over the lives of German citizens. In 1941, he extended health insurance to retirees at the expense of those who were working. The following year, he expanded healthcare and maternity leave programs. He built tens of thousands of government subsidized new houses for working class people.

He established the "Strength through Joy" program that allowed workers to take luxurious vacations to the mountains and the beach each year. Cruise ships were built, and special trains brought vacationers to their destinations and because of the state subsidies, cost to the workers were so insignifigant, that even the lowest worker could afford to take his family.

He introduced a wide-ranging program of physical and cultural education for young workers, with the world's best system of technical training. His social security and workers' health insurance system was at the time, most far ranging in the entire world. He introduced the 40 hour work week to europe and he was the first to establish, by law that overtime be compensated. He gave workers 2 hours of break time per day. He removed an employers right to dismiss an employee at his own discretion. hitler made it law that an employer had to give four weeks notice before firing and employee, who then had up to two months to appeal the dismissal and in most cases, won the appeal.

If you weren't a jew or a gypsy, life under a fascist government was a modern liberal's heaven and considering the feelings of some liberals like mare for instance, is hitler's treatment of the jews that much different than her remedy for christians? The fact is that hitler came far closer to estabilshing the ideal modern liberal state than any of the other leftist despots.
 
One word Palerider, Crusades. Now a lot more examples which are all going to rack up into a big pile of bodies: http://www.white-history.com/hwr43.htm

The crusades were an answer to muslim aggression 9sublime.

I was debating wether or not the left really had this church of irreligion. You've tried to change the subject.

Of course they do and you are a member. You have stated more than once that you would like to see religion become an entirely private matter. To what legislative extent would you go to see your desire become reality? How far would you go to see religion removed from the public square? How far do you think other liberals might be prepared to go if given sufficient power?
 
Since the right's ideal government has existed, tell me which race it glorified and proclaimed superior. Correct me if I am wrong, but the philosophy of the right in theory, and practice, is that all of us are created equal.
The right’s ideal government could be said to glorify the white European. The right’s ideal government condoned slavery based on race alone, subjugated, betrayed and even conducted genocide on the aboriginal people of the America’s (you know, like small-pox infected blankets). The right’s ideal government was heavily driven by the concept of “manifest destiny”, a complex set of beliefs that incorporated a variety of ideas about race, religion, culture, and economic necessity.
Now tell me how the above, in practice – in any way even remotely resembles the idea that “all of us are created equal”? A nice idea…that doesn’t seem to do well in practice.

For the good of the children. The slogan of the modern left.
Indeed, while the modern right’s mantra is “for the good of the country”.
Name a couple of governments that were both large and intrusive and conservative.
Chile, under Pinochet.
Argentina, under Peron (though this is debatable as there were leftist elements as well to his government in the beginning).
South Africa under Botha

Not just one trait, the primary trait. If it isn't small and unobtrusive, it isn't conservative, and if it isn't conservative, it isn't right. I am only looking at the primary trait of modern liberalism as well. The ultimate goal is equality and any government with equality as its goal must be authoritarian in nature. The primary goal of conservativism is freedom and any government with freedom as its goal must be small and unobtrusive.
The primary trait according to whom? If you carry that “primary” trait to the extreme that you choose to carry liberalism (but avoid doing so with conservatism) then you can only get anarchy and a total erosion of civil rights for minorities in your culture.
The problem with your analysis is that it ignores the fact of egalitarianism. One only need look at what happens to religious and social conservatives in a modern liberal society to see the reality of egalitarianism.
Religious and social conservatives appear to be doing just fine – no one is forcing them to have abortions, reject their religion, or accept gay people beyond normal manners. People who are religious are free to practice their religion in public or private. Is it perfect? No, there are always exceptions, but then what is? Does it go to far? Everything does eventually. Until the pendulum swings back the other way. Egalitarianism is an ideal. Freedom is an ideal. Ideals are something to strive for but seldom fully achievable. Taken to extremes, the rightwing version of “freedom” allowed for separate-but-equal policies. The leftwing version of “egalitarian” allowed for “mandatory sensitivity training”. The ideal, in society, is to find the golden mean that balances the two.
Since inforcing equality in a society requires control of the society, modern liberal government must, by definition, be authoritarian.
No, it doesn’t – I don’t accept your premise that equality must be “enforced” in order to be achieved. Equality can be promoted, rewarded and taught. It doesn’t have to be taken to the extreme that you insist on taking it to.
If I were to take rightwing/conservative ideology to an extreme – I would take it to the sweatshop industries at the turn of the century where there was no government or union protections for the workers, mortality was high and safety codes and rights virtually non-existant. Is this your ideal? Or an extreme?
You have to look at the stated goal of a philosophy in order to see which way it must go. Liberal philosophy doesn't strive to become authoritarian, that isn't part of the plan, but in order to achieve the goal, it must become authoritarian because very few actually want to live the way that modern liberalism demands. The stated goal of conservativism is freedom from government. Large and obtrusive government isn't required to achieve such a goal.
But again – you are only looking at one facet of an ideology. If the stated goal of conservatism is freedom from government, then the only way you can achieve that is disintegration into small autonomous communities – or anarchy. In fact – the Libertarians most closely approximate this extreme. But that is if you only look at a single facet of the ideology. In practice – rightwing and leftwing are associated with a number of other principles.

Of course you do. Because you don't want to admit to yourself that the goal of equality is not compatible with freedom which is the stated goal of conservativism.
Let’s assuming that the goal of equality is not compatable with freedom (I don’t necessarily agree here, but it let’s assume so) then is freedom compatable with equality? Looking at history (your example of the ideal conservative government in practice) – I think not.
We aren't talking individuals here, we are talking political philosophy put into practice. Since religion is trancendent in nature and holds to an ultimate good, it is not compatible with the religion of the left. Secularism is a religion as surely as Christianity is.

This will get us into a whole different topic so I’l be brief. Organized religion doesn’t hold the patent on spirituality, or belief in an ultimate good. That is pure arrogance. Secularism is nothing more then “render unto Ceasar that which is Ceaser’s etc.” The right as turned it into a dirty word. That doesn’t not mean it can not be taken to an extreme just like religion has been taken to extremes in the public sphere (just look at history).
Your list of religious requirements doesn't damn conservativism, it highlights why it is better. If you did not agree with the laws in those places, you were free to move either to a different community or state that more closely suits your personal preference.
Ahhhhh….the old “if you don’t like it, get out” …. but, it’s my country too you know…and that very rational would easily justify the continuation of slavery, women’s right to vote…and other issues where people chose to take a stand and make a change – where freedom and equality actually intersected.
There is an interesting article on conservatism/liberalism (broadly, not just politically) here: http://www.uuworld.org/2004/01/feature2.html. I do not know if you would be interested – it’s a long read and you have to go beyond just the first page where you might get outraged. I found gave me a greater understanding (and respect for) both conservatism and liberalism because I see it as a question of balance and necessity for both sides.
Conservativism emphasizes local control, federalism, and minimal bureaucracy and as a result people are allowed to live as they want to live as opposed to a modern liberal society that that demands egalitarian social justice and therefore must establish a universal homogeneous social order which, in effect, prevents people from living as they want and instead must tell them how to live.
I could agree with that, in fact I do – but here you are doing what you accuse me of doing. You are using an academic definition – in practice, it doesn’t look so pretty. People live as they want to – meaning no human rights, no protections for minorities (potentially rule by mob?). You are describing the perfect libertarian model.
In a modern liberal state, if one does not agree with a set of laws, or social norms, there is nowhere to go and all too often, one isn't even allowed to leave the country because decent can not be tolerated.
What? That doesn’t make sense. In a modern liberal state they – like the modern conservative state – could just leave right? Unless you are talking about authoritarian right or left states (and no one can leave). But that is authoritarian. Modern liberal states would be those such as Denmark, Sweden, or Norway for example.

Of course it does. It supports my claim in spades. Secularism is the religion of the modern left. Even so tolerant a person as 9 sublime, on another thread, stated explicitly that religion belongs no place but church and home. I asked to what lengths he might go legislatively to see his desire become reality but he didn't answer. Of course, one need only look at modern liberal societies that have evolved further than ours to see to what lengths they will go.

Secularism is the religion of the modern left.?? Oh come on! Now you are sounding like someone spouting talking points. 9Sublime is one person. My feeling is “render unto Ceaser that which is Ceasers…”. Religion does not belong in our government and legal system. Can that be carried to far? Yes it certainly can. Even the much hated ACLU has defended cases on the side of religion, where religion was banned from the public sphere. Do we need biblical principals in our government? Do we need to cut the hands off of thieves and execute homosexuals and adulterers? Do we need anti-sodomy laws again? Laws prohibiting divorce? Laws prohibiting women from taking part in government or leadership? Do we need to mandate that business’ close on Sunday’s again? Should a muslim child be forced to take part in a school led prayer session? I don’t think so.
 
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The crusades were an answer to muslim aggression 9sublime.

Not entirely. They went far beyond simply "reclaiming" land from the Muslims to taking new territory, expelling "undesirables" and in some cases promoted a general lawlessness and banditry on behalf of religion. That is not to say that the Muslims themselves were lilywhite and pure of heart. It was the politics and realities of the time.
 
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