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Ukraine Symposium – The Budapest Memorandum’s History and Role in the Conflict​

by Robert Lawless | Jan 15, 2025
Budapest Memorandum

Last month of 2024 marked the 30th anniversary of the signing of the Budapest Memorandum, part of an agreement by which Ukraine gave up its nuclear arsenal in return for security assurances by Russia, the United States, and the United Kingdom. The Memorandum, signed on December 5, 1994, was a major event in international relations. Its significance is relevant not only in the context of the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the beginning of the post-Cold War era. It also serves as a key moment in the nuclear arms control movement, as well as an important example of international dispute resolution, especially in the context of relations between powerful States.


On 3 December of last year, Ukraine’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs released a statement marking the anniversary of the Memorandum. In the statement, Ukraine decried how Russia “blatantly disregarded” its obligations under the Memorandum “and international law in general,” in pursuit of its ongoing “aggression against Ukraine.” According to Ukraine, at the time it was signed the Memorandum was “to become a significant step in strengthening global nuclear disarmament and serve as an example for other states to give up nuclear weapons,” while at the same time rewarding Ukraine for responsibly relinquishing its nuclear arsenal with “guarantees of security, sovereignty and territorial integrity.”

Instead, according to Ukraine, the agreement failed to fulfill its functions and “set a dangerous precedent that undermined confidence in the very idea of nuclear disarmament.” Furthermore, this failure “has led to a catastrophic increase in security threats” around the world, as well as “active attempts by various countries from the Indo-Pacific region and the Middle East to the Euro-Atlantic area to create or expand their existing nuclear arsenals.”
 


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